Parkinson's Disease

Signs & symptoms

Parkinson's generally progresses slowly, sometimes taking years for symptoms to appear. The disease usually strikes adults over age 50, although it has been diagnosed as early as age 20. About 15 percent of Parkinson's patients have a family history of the disease.

因为它是逐渐发展的, most people have many years of productive living after being diagnosed.

Some of the first symptoms commonly experienced with Parkinson's include the following:

• Rigidity 胳膊和腿变得僵硬，难以移动
• Tremors 颤抖:手、胳膊或腿的迅速颤抖
• Slowed movements 开始或完成动作困难，称为运动迟缓
• Impaired balance Lack of balance or difficulty adjusting to sudden changes in position

这些症状可能会使你行走困难, 拿起并握住东西, eat, write, 或者在跌倒时迅速反应以防止受伤.

其他症状包括说话或吞咽困难, drooling, stooped posture, 不能做出面部表情, oily skin, 狭窄的笔迹, 呼吸急促（气促）, constipation, 增加出汗, 勃起功能障碍, 失眠, 排尿问题和焦虑.

Diagnosis

A diagnosis for this disease generally includes an assessment of symptoms and a series of tests. 没有一种单一的检测方法可以清楚地识别这种疾病.

管理的测试可能包括:

• 血液或尿液测试
• An 心电图(ECG)
• X-rays
• 其他影像学检查，如a 正电子发射断层扫描(PET) or a 磁共振成像(MRI)扫描.

影像学检查通常是快速且无痛的. They use diagnostic cameras and recording devices to produce images of organs and tissues inside your body.

如果你已经被诊断出患有帕金森症, these tests can help determine if you have the classic form or an atypical form of the disease.

如果你的十大赌博平台排行榜怀疑你患有帕金森病, he or she may prescribe anti-Parkinson's drugs to see if you respond.

Treatments

Medications can provide dramatic relief from Parkinson's symptoms, 但是没有药物可以阻止这种疾病的发展. 在某些情况下，手术是一种选择. 一些十大赌博平台排行榜建议进行物理治疗或肌肉强化. 对许多病人来说，这些方法的结合效果最好.

Medication

Levodopa, 与另一种叫做卡比多巴或西尼美的药物联合使用, 是治疗帕金森病的主要方法吗. Levodopa is rapidly converted into dopamine by the enzyme dopa decarboxylase (DDC), 哪一种存在于中枢和周围神经系统. 大部分左旋多巴在到达大脑之前就被代谢掉了.

Because these drugs are known to cause side effects and can become ineffective after prolonged periods of use, other drugs, 比如多巴胺激动剂, amantadine, COMT inhibitors and anticholinergic medications also are used to treat Parkinson's disease.

Surgery

当药物无效时, surgery may be an option to control symptoms and improve quality of life. 然而，并不是每个人都适合做手术. For example, if a patient never responded or no longer responds to levodopa and carbidopa, 手术不太可能起作用. Only about 10 percent of Parkinson's patients are candidates for surgery.

Three surgical procedures are performed to treat Parkinson's disease — ablative or destructive surgery, 刺激手术或深部脑刺激(DBS), 移植或恢复性手术.

• Ablative Surgery 这个过程定位, targets and then ablates or destroys a targeted area of the brain affected by Parkinson's. The object is to destroy tissue that produces abnormal chemical or electrical impulses that cause tremors and other symptoms of Parkinson's. 苍白球的损伤, called pallidotomy, 帕金森病最常见的消融手术是什么.
• 深部脑刺激(DBS) 比如消融手术， 脑深部刺激手术 treats the tremors and slowness associated with Parkinson's disease. The procedure involves inserting a deep brain stimulator into certain areas of the brain. Instead of destroying the overactive cells that cause symptoms of Parkinson's, DBS通过发送电脉冲暂时使它们失效. This therapy has been shown to provide greater relief of symptoms with fewer side effects than other treatments.
• Transplantation 在移植或修复手术中, dopamine-producing cells are implanted into a certain part of the brain. The cells used for transplant may come from one of several sources — the patient's body, 人类胚胎或猪胚胎. Using stem cells for this procedure is currently being researched.

补充治疗

Complementary or integrative care combines the best of alternative therapies — such as acupuncture, massage, meditation, 草药、营养和传统医学. 一些治疗方法，比如简单的体育锻炼, physical therapy, massage and support groups can help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. Discuss with your doctor the possible treatments he or she recommends to treat your symptoms.